Location

Whenever I am feeling kind of down or just need to get out of the house, I love to go to my barn, where my horses are. My horses are pretty much part of the family and mean so much to me! Also, they are the best listeners in the world and have so many things that make them such wonderful animals. I really love going and spending time with my horses because it is so quiet and relaxing. Some people may think, â€Å"Eww, doesn’t it smell bad? † but no it doesn’t smell bad at all to me. I am so use to that manure smell! Not only is there just the manure smell but the amazing smell of the horses, which to me is the best scent! It is like a sweet smell blended together with the fresh cut alfalfa in the summer time, so fresh and new. To me this is such a soothing smell and I love it! When I am out there I really like to just sit on the wooden fence and watch them, talk to them or whatever I feel in the mood for doing. Admiring them is fanaticizing to me because they are such beautiful animals and their personality makes them so much more beautiful. Watching the sunset is always amazing too when I am out there. Watching how the day is coming to an end. The birds, rabbits, cats, dog all the wildlife around how they transition from day to night. Everything about being out and around that red barn is so awesome to me. Being an animal, my horses can’t talk back to me verbally (of courses) but they have their own way of speaking to people physically. That’s why I love going to them when I have a problem that’s really upsetting me or if I just need to tell someone a huge secret. They are so good at sensing when something is wrong. They can feel when your sad, mad, upset, nervous, all of the above! Best of all, they listen when you are feeling these emotions. I believe this has a lot to do with the reasons why I love and care so much. They listen to anything you have to tell them, and best of all; I can trust that they won’t tell anyone. They are truly amazing animals and they best of friends! One of them, Quana, have the most outrageous personality and he always makes me feel better no matter what! I have always gone to my horse ever since I was little. Being with them means a lot to me because I know I can trust them with whatever it is I need to tell them. I don’t have to worry about them telling people what my deepest secrets are, like most people do nowadays. Also, they will never judge you for who you are! They will accept you even if you’ve made the biggest mistake of your life. Once a friend always a friend is what I believe they believe. I consider myself very blessed to have this kind of friendship in my life. Not many people get to experience that trust I have with them. Also, the bond we share. No matter where life ends up taking me down the road I can almost guarantee that this will always be a very special place in my heart. I will keep the memories I have with them and hopefully try to show other people what my horses have taught me will the loyalty they’ve shown me.

Consumer Attitudes and Purchase Intentions in Relation to Organic Foods

Research Proposal Consumer Attitudes and Purchase Intentions in Relation to Organic Foods in Peninsula Malaysia Abstract The aim of this study is to find out the three (3) significant variables forming the positive attitude towards the buying the organic food in Peninsula Malaysia, which eventually lead to the ultimate intention in buying the organically-produced food. The different variables are focused on demographic characteristics on household income, product attributes and lastly the perceived value to the customers. This study shows that the household income is seemingly appeared to be an important predictor among the targeted segmentation in consuming organic food. Organic food attributes such as pricing, availability and environmentally friendliness of such organic food may influence consumer buying decision. Lastly, the perceived value from the customers towards organic food on its health effects, sensory appeal, nutrition-worth and belief of perceived benefits, often play an important role in cultivating the intention towards buying organic food. Introduction and Background of the Study Over the last two decades, there has been a remarkable increase in demand for organic-produced food or products. Organic food is often seen and marketed as health-conscious food which contains fewer contaminants, more nutrients and most importantly having a positive effect on the environment. It is known that some of these attributes are difficult to quantify, with the contrary that some of researcher has proved that they may cause such potential harm during the organic production. The organic market back in 80’s, while remaining a niche sector, has grown to be able to grab a share from the total spending on food in some countries in the recent years. Organic fruit and vegetables are amongst the products which have been expanding in the rapid production. The demand for organically-produced meat and dairy products has undergone the same rapid progress, with a corresponding increase in the need for organically grown forage and feed crops. This has led to a fast growth in consumer demand whereby the organic food sales have managed to gain a significant market share in the conventional food industry. The market for organically produced crops and commodities has become more structured, looking at the increased number of countries which have adopted uniform standards for organic food production. The standardization has also applied in the organic certification and labelling. While both the production and the marketing of the organic cultivation of temperate crops have developed, there is a trend to be seen whereby the developing country’s farmers are actively involved in the organic farming. Problem Statement and Importance of the Research Organic agriculture industry, no doubt, has offers most of the developing countries a wide range of economic, environment, social and cultural benefits. Certifies organic products have now been growing fast and in the mist of entering the global market. Malaysia, on the other hand, is still in the starting spark-point in adapting the organic-food consumption while the developed countries such as North America and Europe have already gained the biggest market share in this newest industry. Due to expanding markets and attractive price premiums, Malaysia should invent and invest in organically-produced food, taking into consideration of various significant variables which may form the consumer behaviour towards organic food. We would like to highlight that the ultimate goal of this study is to understand consumer’s motivations behind organic food products purchases in order to enable organic producers to develop a more effective strategic marketing plan. The results could be used for the marketing planning of organic food products to enable proper marketing strategies, a proper sales channel and promotion to be targeted to these groups of consumers. Research Questions The present study aims to answer the following questions: †¢ What are demographic characteristics of organic food buyers? †¢ How do demographic characteristics affect consumer attitudes towards organic foods? †¢ How product attributes effect consumer attitudes towards organic foods? †¢ How consumer perceived values influence consumer attitudes towards organic foods? What is the relationship between consumers’ attitudes towards organic foods and their intentions to purchase? †¢ How can results of the study be applied by managers and marketers? Research Objectives Regarding to the significance of the growing market of organic foods in the world, and to the previous studies on consumer attitudes towards organic foods and its effects on purch ase intentions in several countries (e. g. Taiwan, Thailand, United Kingdom, United States and Denmark) we intend to carry out such similar studies in Peninsula Malaysia with objectives as the following: To report the descriptive analysis on the organic buyers’ demographic characteristics †¢ To identify the effects of demographic characteristics (specifically level of households income) on consumer attitudes towards organic foods †¢ To determine effects of product attributes on consumer attitudes towards organic foods †¢ To investigate the relation of consumer perceived values to consumer attitudes towards organic foods †¢ To determine the relationship between consumers’ attitudes towards organic foods and their intentions to purchase †¢ To clarify implications for managers and marketers Literature Review Demographics Based on findings from previous research, demographic characteristics were evaluated as one of the major predictors in gaining intention to purchase the organic food in Peninsula Malaysia. According to Robinson R. and Smith C. (2002), the demographic of consumers consist of various characteristics namely the gender, age, household income and education level. Each element has been contributed in forming the valued attitudes towards buying the organic products. Hence, the demographic characteristics, especially on household income is seemingly significant and being the focus in this research. This will eventually lead to the desired intention in buying such products for daily consumption. Level of Household Income Whilst referring to the studies done in the US, it is seemingly apparent that the demographic variables which herby refer as the income distribution, is significant predictors (Bartels & Reinders, 2009). The research on this particular subject has proven that income positively influenced buying behaviour which in turn may cause the perceived buying behaviour towards the organic food. A same result has shown in Germany as well (Bartels & Reinders, 2009). In Germany, demographic variables such as household income distribution have played an important role in developing significant effect on organic buying behaviour. However, the overall inevitability of the demographic characteristics was relatively different, taking into consideration of research carried in various Western countries. These findings verify the results of earlier studies by Clark & Goldsmith (2006) and Im et al. (2003) proven that the intellectual practice on using the demographic characteristics such as household income distribution and domain specific innovativeness will be seen as strategic tools for market segmentation. In the Western countries, research has identified that the demand and willingness in expenditure on organic goods often affiliated closely with various socioeconomic and demographic variables (Wier et al. , 2008). In addition, Menghi (1997) found that the majority households with middle and higher income levels showed a greater tendency in purchase and consuming organic foods. However, it is shown that almost all of these studies are based upon hypothesized future behaviour rather than observed behaviour in both Denmark and UK. Hence, studies have been carried out by researchers to further invent on the influences of demographic characteristics especially in household income in guiding the intention of buying the organic goods. Through the research it is revealed that higher disposable household income (approximated by total food expenditure) will lead to higher positive intention in purchasing the organic food. Consumers with a lower household income alongside with lower level of education are found to be least likely to have heard of organic agriculture (Roitner-Schobesberger et al. , 2008). On a contrary, those who have a higher income and hold an academic degree are more likely to be the target segmentation in purchasing organic products (Roitner-Schobesberger et al. , 2008). It is also mentioned that the correlation between the household income level is very much linked to the level of education as well. As mentioned by Robinson R. and Smith C. (2002), intended purchases of sustainably produced foods did not differ for demographic characteristics such as household annual income educational attainment. Through the research carried out by Ross NJ. et al. 2000), they have suggested that consumers with a higher earning incomes were more likely to have purchased locally produced food, mainly focus on the organic consumption by various segmentations. Their research and findings were supported earlier by Govindasamy R. and Italia J. (1998) whereby the same results applied. Groups with a higher household income tend to have purchased foods produced with reduced pesticides. In UK particularly, social group is employed as an indicator of income brackets (Wier et al. , 2008). Research has revealed that the tendency in urchase the organic goods seem to increase in accordance to the given social status. However, the highest organic budget shares are observed for middle class households whilst shares in the upper middle class being in fact lower. Quite captivatingly, a similar phenomenon is observed to be happened in Denmark as well. Organic Food Attributes Organic food attributes influence consumer buying decision. Several empirical studies have been performed on customer perceptions of organic food attributes and how they formed the consumer attitudes towards food. In the present research, among different product attributes, we have selected: price of organic food, environmentally friendliness of organic food and organic food availability. Price of Organic Food Organic foods are often of a price premium above conventional products. According to Roitner-Schobesberger et. al (2008) in Thailand the price difference between organic and non-labeled conventional vegetables in Bangkok varied between 50 percent and 170 percent and in some cases even 400 percent. However, in some countries such as Finland there were not significant premium prices for organic foods (Tarkiainen and Sundqvist, 2005). As Roitner-Schobesberger et. al (2008) pointed out that despite the price difference of organic and non-organic food, nearly 60% of the ‘organic buyers’ said that the price of organic products was not a problem. In addition, ‘non-organic buyers’ ranked some other items as a reason of not purchasing organic food rather than higher prices. Chryssohoidis & Krystallis (2005) claimed that while 100 percent of people would prefer organic to conventional products with the assumption of similar price, this percentages dropped by only 20 percent when the same question was posed regardless the higher price of organic food. In other words, higher price is an important obstacle for a limited percentage of consumers. Roitner-Schobesberger et. al (2008) found out that in Bangkok men were more likely to purchase organic foods than women and concluded that it might be due to the reason of men being willing to pay a higher price premium for organic products than women. Similarly, a study in Klang Valey, Malaysia showed that women werre more likely than men to agree that they would purchase more organic foods if they were less expensive (Ahmed, 2010). Additionally, heavy users were on average stage whereby they are willing to pay higher price premiums than medium and light users (Wier et. al, 2008). Environmentally friendliness of organic food Consumers are getting more conscious and concerned with the consumption of chemical substance used in farming and preserving environment is becoming a strong attitude among consumers. According to Tarkiainen and Sundqvist (2005), subjective norms’ effect on attitudes has been mainly found in behaviors, that involved some kind of ethical decision, and also buying organic food can be seen as ethical decision reflecting environmental concern. In addition, perceived quality is associated with environmentally friendly practices (Ness et. al, 2009). The perception of organic food products as environmentally friendly was a common intuition and has been examined in several studies (Ahmed, 2010; Honkanen et. al, 2006). It is believed that when the consumers have more concern about their health and environmental protection, they will be more likely to have a positive attitude to organic foods (Ness et. al, 2010). Honkanen et. al (2006) found that ecologically oriented consumers were more likely to form intentions to purchase and consume organic food. In other words, the more people are concerned about environment, the more positive attitude they have towards organic food. Organic Food Availability Lack of organic food availability and variety in store is considered as one of the barriers to consumer purchase. Fresh vegetables (which include fresh herbs) were considered the most widely available organic product group rather than other organic foods (Roitner-Schobesberger et. al, 2008). Chryssohoidis & Krystallis (2005) stated that limited availability was the main factor that hinders organic purchasing. Although according to Roitner-Schobesberger et. al (2008), in Thailand, majority of organic buyers were satisfied with availability of organic products. Most of them reported that they would like to buy more organic products, especially a wider range of vegetables. Value to the Customer In every product that consumer purchased and used, they in turn are expecting value from it. Value can be defined as a benefit that consumer is receiving by using a product. Benefits here mean sensory appeal of the product, taste, fun, freshness, quality and healthiness of the products. These are some main reasons that encouraged consumer to purchase the organic food. The value may vary from one consumer to another; however there will definitely be one value that effect the buying attitude which motivate the buying intention of consumers. Health Effect of Organic Food Several perceptions contributed to health attribute include the reason of being good for health, good for children, not containing pesticides, high in fiber, natural and nutritious and safer to eat (Roitner-Schobesberger, et. al, 2008; Saher et. al 2006; Lockie et. al, 2002; Ness et. al, 2009). The perceived potential hazards of modern agricultural practices such as the use of pesticides and their residues in food were perceived to be associated with long term and unknown effects on health (Miles and Frewer, 2001;Wilkins & Hillers, 1994; Williams & Hammit, 2001). Saher et. al (2006) revealed that there is very little scientific support for the common beliefs that organic food would be more healthy or nutritious than regular foods, but the belief that they have these properties remains quite strong in consumer’s mindset. The claim is debatable whether marketers can use the health claim for marketing purposes because most of the research concluded that there was no evidence that organic food was healthier or more nutritious than conventional food (Honkanen et. al, 2006). However, most studies in this area suggested that consumer’s perception of organic food as a healthy nutrition is one the most significant motives for buyers. Lockie et al. (2002) pointed out that health was the one aspect consumers are least willing to compromise. Roitner-Schobesberger et. al (2008) in Bangkok, Thailand, examined the motives behind organic food purchase and pointed out that the most important motive was the expected positive health effects. Similarly in Malaysia, organic buyers believed that organic food was healthier compared to conventional grown food (Ahmed, 2010). In Thailand, the health aspect was closely associated with the residues from synthetic chemicals used in agriculture (Roitner-Schobesberger et. al, 2008). In fact, organic products often have a lower level of pesticide residues (Baker et al. , 2002). Lockie et. al (2002) revealed that although price was an important factor, organic consumers consider health has appeared as a more significant factor for purchasing organic food in Australia. These organic food consumers also believed that industrial methods of food processing constitute a threat to customer’s health. Another research by Schifferstein & Oude Ophuis (1997) illustrated that well-being was rated among all other motives by organic food buyers. On the other hand, Tarkiainen and Sundqvist (2005) by examining specific organic products (bread and flour) claimed that health consciousness did not explained the general attitudes towards organic food, although they believed this results might be different by examining different organic products. Sensory Appeals Sensory appeals of organic food are part of the factors that provides value to customer. Sensory appeals include the taste, odor and also the texture of the organic product (Prescott et. al, 2002). Sometimes sensory appeals of the organic food need to be combined with the non-sensory factors such as organic food related expectations to create a value to customer which will affect their attitude towards buying organic food (Prescott et. al, 2002). Sensory factors are also influenced by cultures and background of consumers. For example, consumers from Western countries eat less spicy food compared to those from Asia. Spicy organic food might produce high value to consumers in Asian countries compared to Western. Intrinsic cues or sensory appeal that are associated with physical characteristics of the product such as taste, size, color, appearance, smell, feel and flavor were commonly used as indicators of quality on the organic food (Schifferstein et. al,1997). Quality is also value that consumers experiencing by consuming an organic food. Better sensory appeal of organic food will portray a better quality which will influence the attitude of purchasing an organic food and later increase the intention of buying the organic food. One of the most prominent sensory appeals that yield more value to consumer is taste. According to Roitner-Schobesbergeris et. al (2008), taste was the third important motives that consumers purchase organic food (Roitner-Schobesbergeris et. al, 2008). Others studies also emphasized that many organic food buyers believed that organic food products taste better than conventional food even if sensory evaluations have yielded inconsistent results (Fillion and Arazi,2002; McEachern and McClean,2002; Zhao et al. ,2007). Perceived Value One of the studies conducted in eight countries concluded that individual attitudes towards buying organic food are primarily based on the belief about the benefits (Thogersen, 2000). Benefits or value to consumers such as healthy, taste better and environment friendly supersede all the other factors such as belief about the cost. The same proven in one of the study conducted in Klang Valley. Most of the respondents reported that they choose to buy organic food products because they perceived organic food as very healthy, fresher and natural (Bayaah Ahmad et. ll, 2010). As such, value of organic food towards customers’ effect their attitudes towards buying which will motivates their intention of purchasing the organic product. Consumers also value organic food as nutritional food since it is produced using traditional method whereby the original nutrition from the food is preserved. Nutrition belief was one of the reasons that made people appeared to have different food styles and often express themselves as having food adventurousness or pickiness (Chen, 2007). Organic food adds value to consumers who has such belief and it will influence their intention of consuming it by affecting the buying behavior. Besides, Chen (2007) points out that an individual’s personal interests or traits act a part in establishing personal food choice criteria through the values held by the individual. These values comprise nutrition beliefs, weight control concerns, and so on. For instance, people seem to have different food-styles and often express themselves as having food adventurousness or pickiness. Another important motive to purchase organic food as reported by Roitner-Schobesbergeris et. al (2008) is the consumer’s search for new, trendy and attractive food products. Attitudes towards Organic food and Intention to purchase Basically, consumer attitudes are found to be the most important predictor of intention to buy (Honkanen et. al, 2006). Several studies have found that higher perceived product quality leads to more positive re-purchase intentions (Bou-Llusar et. al, 2001; Hult, & Kandemir 2004; Tarkiainen & Sundqvist, 2005). Chen (7007) highlighted that if the consumer’s attitude towards organic foods is positive, the consumer’s attitude to purchase organic food will be more likely to be positive. This is also consistent with another study performed by Honkanen et. al (2006) indicating that relation between attitude and intention is positive and quite strong, indicating that consumers with positive attitudes towards consumption of organic food are more likely to form intentions to consume such food, therefore converting positive attitudes to intentions. Methodology Theoretical Research Framework [pic] Figure1. Theoretical Research Framework Hypothesis Development: Hypothesis 1: There is a relationship between demographic characteristics of consumers and their attitudes towards organic foods. Hypothesis 2: There is a relationship between organic food attributes and consumer’s attitudes towards the organic food. Hypothesis 3: There is a positive relationship between values of organic food to customer with attitudes towards buying organic foods. Hypothesis 4: When the consumer’s attitude towards organic foods is positive, the consumer’s intentions to purchase organic foods will be more likely to be positive. Research Design The questionnaires are only designed in English; since the respondents are assumed to be relatively high educated they will be able to answer the questions without any difficulties. Furthermore it will help to keep the original meaning and understanding that respondents perceived to have towards the questions. Types of questions in questionnaires are mostly closed ended question and only two open ended question. This will only consume little time for the respondent to complete the questionnaire which will encourage them to participate in this study. There are three main categories in the prepared questionnaires. The questions in the first category are more towards understanding demographic details of the respondent such as on the age, income level, ethnicity, religion and educational level. This is useful to confirm the background of the organic food consumers. There are also questions on the product attributes which the respondents are asked to identify what are the main attributes that attract the purchase and also to determine whether this factor have a positive effect towards consumer attitude on organic food. Last part in the questionnaires is designed to understand the value of organic food to customers. All these questions are to test four hypotheses of this study. Data Collection The target population consists of organic food buyers in Peninsula Malaysia. In order to carry out the sampling Peninsula Malaysia is divided in to 3 major regions namely Northern, Central and Southern region. Northern region will be represented by Penang, Central region will be Klang Valley and Southern region of Peninsula Malaysia is represented by Johor Bahru. These three areas are chosen based on the economic development and availability of the organic products. From each region shopping complexes and supermarkets that provide organic products are identified. By using random sampling, three shopping complexes and supermarkets in urban areas are selected. Since target respondent with higher educational level and purchasing power are scattered around these urban areas, these will be perfect places to conduct this research. Those three supermarkets and shopping complexes are ensured to be far from each other so that the collected samples will be more accurate in representing the population in each region. Total sample size comprises of 540 individual respondents is collected using convenience sampling and respondents will be approached randomly. Since this study is conducted in large scale, convenient sampling will be more cost effective compared to other types of sampling. Furthermore conducting other types of sampling will be time consuming and the accuracy of the collected samples to represent the actual population will be questionable. In order to collect the data, 60 self-administered consumer questionnaire surveys are distributed in each shopping complexes which will result in 180 uestionnaires from each region. Considering the validity of the data, we are expecting a total of about 500 questionnaires to be usable in the later part of data analysis. Although there is no way of knowing if those included are representative of the overall population, the survey is still expected to give a first overview of relevant issues and to allow to derive insights into the perception of organ ic food buyers in Peninsula Malaysia. Data Analysis After data is collected, data will be edited and coded. Editing data is very essential part of data analysis especially when researches involve open ended questions. Editing is done immediately after data is collected so that the respondent can be contacted if any clarification needed. The edited data are identified through usage of different fond and colors. Coding is done before data processing is conducted. Since most of the data collected involve ordinal scale, coding becomes prudent. By doing this data accurately keyed in and avoid wrong interpretation of data. Base on the three sections in the questionnaire, data is also coded in three main groups. Data processing is done using a software program called SPSS version 17. First of all the edited and coded data is checked and scanned through. Wrongly entered and coded data will be identified using the software through methods like identification of the maximum value. Values like variance, standard deviation, mean and range are used to understand the effectiveness of the questions asked in the questionnaire and how respondents reacted to the questions. The reliability and validity test is done to check the credibility of the data. The reliability test also conducted to test the relationship of the variables through the reliability coefficient. Validity test is done to assess all three factorial validity, convergent validity and also discriminant validity. References Ahmed, S. N. B. , 2010, Organic Food: A Study on Demographic Characteristics and Factors Influencing Purchase Intentions among Consumers in Klang Valley, Malaysia, International Journal of Business and Management 5, No. 2, Baker, B. , Benbrook, C. , Groth, E. , Benbrook, K. , 2002, Pesticide residues in conventional, integrated pest management (IPM)-grown and organic foods: insights from three US data sets. Food Additives and Contaminants 19, 427–446. Bartels J. and Reinders M. J. (2009). Social identification, social representations, and consumer innovativeness in an organic food context: A cross-national comparison, Food and Quality Preferences,1-6, Elsevier Ltd. Bou-Llusar, J. C. , Camison-Zornoza, C. , Escrig-Tena, A. B. , 2001, Measuring the relationship between firm perceived quality and customer satisfaction and its influence on purchase intentions, Total Quality Management, 12, 719–734. Chen, M. F, 2007, Consumer attitudes and purchase intentions in relation to organic foods in Taiwan: Moderating effects of food-related personality traits, Food Quality and Preference 18, 1008–1021. Chryssohoidis, G. M. , Krystallis, A. , 2005, Organic consumers_ personal values research: Testing and validating the list of values (LOV) scale and implementing a value-based segmentation task, Food Quality and Preference 16, 585–599. Clark, R. A. , & Goldsmith, R. E. (2006). Interpersonal influence and consumer innovativeness. International Journal of Consumer Studies, 30(1), 34–43. Govindasamy R, Italia J. (1998). A willingness to purchase comparison of integrated pest management and conventional produce. Agribusiness. 14:403-414. Honkanen, P. , Verplanken, B. & Olsen, S. O. 2006, Ethical values and motives driving organic food choice, Journal of Consumer Behaviour 5, 420–430. Fillion,L. ,Arazi,S. ,2002. Does organic food taste better? A claim substantiation approach. Nutrition and Food Science 32, 153-157. Im, S. , Bayus, B. L. , & Mason, C. H. (2003). An empirical study of innate consumer innovativeness, personal characteristics, and new-product adoption beh avior. Journal of the Academy of Marketing Science, 31(1), 61–73. Keillor, B. D. , Hult, G. T. M. , & Kandemir, D. (2004). A study of the service encounter in eight countries. Journal of International Marketing, 12, 9–35. Lockie, S. Lyons, K. , Lawrence, G. , Mummery, K. , 2002. Eating ‘green’: Motivations behind organic food consumption in Australia. Sociologia Ruralis 42, 23–40. McEachern,M. ,McClean,P. ,2002. Organic purchasing motivations and attitudes: are they ethical? International Journal of consumer studies 26, 85-92. Menghi, A. (1997). Consumer Response to Ecological Milk in Sweden. Swedish Agricultural University, Uppsala. Miles,S. , & Frewer, L. J,2001. Investigating specific concerns about different food hazards. Food Quality & Preference, 12, 47-61. Ness, M. R. , Ness, M. , Brennan, M. , Oughton, E. , Ritson, C. , Ruto, E. 2009, Modeling consumer behavioral intentions towards food with implications for marketing quality low-input and o rganic food, Food Quality and Preference 21, 100–111. Prescott, J. , Young, O. , O’Neill, L. , Yau, N. J. N. , 2002, Motives for food choice: a comparison of consumers from Japan, Taiwan, Malaysia and New Zealand. Food Quality and Preference 13, 489 – 495. Robinson R. and Smith C. (2002). Psychosocial and Demographic Variables Associated with Consumer Intention to Purchase Sustainably Produced Foods as Defined by the Midwest Food Alliance, Journal of Nutrition Education and Behavior Volume 34 (6), 316-325. Roitner-Schobesberger ,B. , Darnhofer, I. , Somsook, S. , Vogl, C. R. , 2008, Consumer perceptions of organic foods in Bangkok, Thailand, Food Policy 33, 112–121. Ross NJ, Anderson MD, Goldberg JP, Rogers BL. (2000). Increasing purchases of locally grown produce through worksite sales: an ecological model. J Nutr Educ. 32:304-313. Saher, M. , Lindeman, M. , Koivisto Hursti, U. , 2006, Attitudes towards genetically modified and organic foods, Appetite 46, 324–331. Schifferstein, H. N. J & Oude Ophuist, P. M. A, 1997, Health-Relatede Determinants of organic food Consumption in the Netherlands, Food Quality and Preference 9, 119-133. Tarkiainen, A. & Sundqvist, S. , 2005, Subjective norms, attitudes and intentions of Finnish consumers in buying organic food, British Food Journal 107, No. 11, 808-822 Thogersan. J, 2000, predicting consumer choices of organic food: Results from the CONDOR Project, Wier, M. , Jensen, K. , Andersen, L. M. , Millock, K. , 2008, The character of demand in mature organic food markets: Great Britain and Denmark compared, Food Policy 33, 406–421 Wilkins, J. L. , & Hillers, V. N, 1994. Influences of pesticide residue and environmental concerns on organic foods preference among food cooperative members and non-members in Washington State. Journal of Nutrition Education, 26, 26-33. Williams, P. RD. , & Hammit, J. K, 2001. Perceived risks of conventional and organic produce: Pesticides, pathogens, and natural toxins. Risk Analysis, 21, 319-330. Zhao,X. ,Chambers,E. ,Matta,Z. ,Loughin,T. ,Carey,E. ,2007, Consumer sensory analysis of organically and conventionally grown vegetables, Journal of Food Science 72, 87-91.

Banks and Credit System of Exchange Essay Example for Free

Banks and Credit System of Exchange Essay Definition of Banks—Banks are financial institutions that help people to save and borrow money.In a growing economy, the banks help to create a new pool of money to be ised for other economic activities.They complement the money or cash system of exchange with the system of credit. History of Banking in the Philippines During the pre-colonial period, Filipinos also saved and borrowed money, but usually this was done by families, relatives of tribal leaders.The oldest written relic of our precolonial past is the famous Laguna Copperplate inscriptin (LCI), which contains a record of a debt payment in 900A. D.It proves that we have a longt tradition of honoring our debts in our culture. Modern banking, as we know it, really began with the coming of the Europeans. The first credit organizations were the Obras Pias(pious work), created by the Spanish colonial government starting in the 16th century. It is interesting to know that the early Catholics in the Philippines were taught how to tithe(give 10 percent of income to the church).Thus, thye early church in the Philippines was able to collect a fund od money, and its growth and good works increased tremendously. The first general bank in Southeast Asia was the Banco Espaà ±ol-Filipino (now known as Bank of the Philippine Islands), which opened in 1851.It was given authority to issue bank notes.Soon, other banks were opened.The Catholic Church anf their trustees owned and operated most banks during the Spanish colonial period. During the American period, more banks began operations. In 1906, the government established postal savings banks all over the country to bring banking closer to the people.This Promoted the habit of thrift and savings among low-income groups. Now Americans, Chinese and Filipinos also entered the picture. In 1916 the philippine National Bank was organized. Other banks which followed were the China Banking Corporation and the Philippine Bank of Commerce.Before World War II there were 17 banks in the country. The PNB and Postal banks were owned by the Catholic Church and religious organizations, and two by Filipinos and others. The Japanese m,ilitary occupation in 1941-45 briefly restructed Philippine banking. Only Japanese and their Filipino sympathizers were allowed to operate banks. In 1946, after independence, the otigins of our modern banking system were established. Prewar banks were re-opened and resumed operations. The Central Banking Act was passed in 1948. Today, there are thousands of banks all over the country, and some Filipino banks have opened branches abroad. Tyhe Volume of banking services has also increased, as more and more services are being offered. Among these services are car loans, time deposits, automatic tellers, dreive-in windows, night depository, safe deposit boxes, payroll handling, automatic debits, and many more. KINDS OF BANKS There are different kinds of banks as follows: 1. Rural banks-These are located mostly in the countryside. The government encourages the establishment of these small banks in order to bring asavings and banking closer to people in the provinces. For example, a group may set up a rural bank with P20 million capital outside of metro Manila or cities; but p50 million is needed for a bank in the city. The main reason for rural banks is to help farmers with agricultural loans. In 1994, the Pagsanjan Rural Bank founded by Victor Zaide cabreza and Soledad Benitez Cabreza, won the award fo â€Å"Outstanding Rural Bank in he Philippines† 2. Savings and loan association—These small banks gather savings and invest them in long term securities, such as housing loans. A good example is the Monte de Piedad Bank. 3.Special government banks—The Philippine government established several bnks to handle specific duties involving its financial projects.For example, after the war, the Rehabilitation and Finance Corporation (RFC) was created to receive postwar reconstuction funds ang give financial aid to the war-damaged economy. The RFG eventually beame the Development bank of the Philippines (DBP). The Land Bank of the Philippines (LBP) helps the government implement the land reform program. The Philippine Amanah Bank was organized in 1970s to cater for the growing economic needs of Muslim Filpinos. The government may also operate postal banks within selected post iffides around the country. Many small savers and children like to use postal banks because it is closer and more familiar to them. 4.Commercial banks—These make up the biggest banking group, and comprises nearly 50% of the total banking resources in the country. The main function of this type is to supply the circulating capital for the economy in the form of short-term loans.Example are the Philippine National Bank, Metrobank, BPI, FarEast Bank and Trust Company and others. 6.Universal Bank- Also known as a ful-service bank, a universal bank provides more servies than a commercial bank. Banks which have reached a capitalixation of P50 million or more can apply for a universal banking liscence. A universal bank can make more investments and lending.It can act as an investment house, a savings bank etc. It can invest directlyin private companies. Several banks are iniversal banks, starting with the Philipine National Bank, republic Planters Bank, United Cocunot Planters Bank, Allied Bank, PCIB, BPI, Far East Bank and Trust Company, and Metrobank. 6. international banks—As the name says international banks have operations in more than one country. Some Filipino bamks have branches in other countries, e.e. PNB, FEBTC, etc. Similarly, some foreign banks have branches in the Philippines, e.g. Hongkong ang Shanghai Chartered Bank, Citibank, Australia New Zealand, etc. Apart from the private banks, thee are government-owned banks, such as the International Bank for Reconstrucyion and Development (IBRD or World Bank) ased in Washington, D.C.; the Asian Development Bank (ABD) based in Metro Manila; the Bank of International Settkements (BIS) based in Basle, Switzerland. The Uses or Function of Banks— The services of banks are: 1.To accept aand guard deposits of money.People go to a bank because they trust that their money will not be stolen inside.ThePhilippine Deposit Insurace Corporation (PDIC) encures each depositor’s money up to a limit. In case the bank closes doen or is robbed, the depositor will still get their money bacl up to a fixed limit. In turn, the bank keeps a written list of the deposit in a savings book, a monthly statement or a certificate . For the right to use the money, the banks pay interest. 2. to lend money. Banks led money to qualified clients. in this way, the bank earns interest and profits. loans are ofdifferent kinds: are short-term. Loans may also be typedaccording to purpose( car loan, housing loan, business loan etc.) This may be a property title, which the bank can get in case the loan is not paid. Next, bigl loans must have a co- signer or one who will guarantee to pay the loan if the borrower defaults 9faiks to pay). 3.To remit and collect money. Banks als transfer or collect money for clients. for example, overseas contract workers can send their remittances to family through a bank to be picked up in Manila by the relative. A businesman can pay for a supply ordered from abroad through a local bank which send the payment to the foreign supplier. Usually, a bank has a correspondent bank abroad in case it does not have branches ther. Banks accept checks, bank dreafts or telegraphic transfers from other banks, according to certain conditions. 4..To perform legal roles like supervising a business, managing a private Banks and Credit System of Exchange. (2016, Dec 31).

Pollution Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Pollution - Research Paper Example Evidently, pollution has been in existence since the dawn of mankind. These pollutions have been mostly due to natural causes arising from the Earth’s natural processes such as volcanic activity or sedimentation caused by river flows. However, the Earth possesses its own purifying systems that are in a capacity of counterbalancing the adverse effects of pollution. On the other hand, the Earth’s natural purifying systems have a limit to what it can adequately control. To this end, the acceleration of pollution due to rapid industrialization and unsustainable practices by man, has led to the compounding of pollution effects across earth’s ecosystem levels. At this juncture, the United Nations Environmental Program have defined pollution as the inclusion of contaminants into a pristine environment that consequently degrades its quality, and leads to detrimental effects. Evidently, pollution stems from two principal sources; natural source and manmade sources or indu strial sources. Moreover, there are myriad types of pollution that accrue from pollution. To this end, these types of pollution include, air, water, noise, visual, soil, waste, food, light and construction pollution. The subsequent section will intricately delve into the two sources and types of pollution. Moreover, an in depth analysis of the effects of pollution on the environment, health, and animals will be highlighted. Finally, the report will recommend measures of preventing and reducing pollution in Dubai. The natural sources of pollution refer to contaminants are introduced by natural processes as opposed to manmade processes. Evidently, these natural sources affect the air water and soil. To this end, natural sources include toxic gases produced by volcanic eruptions (BTNEP). These gases are mostly nitrogen dioxide, and sulphur dioxide that contribute to the changing of chemical processes such as acidification of rainwater. Moreover, the heat generated during a volcanic eruption increases

The Minimum Wage Should Not Be Abolished Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

The Minimum Wage Should Not Be Abolished - Essay Example This discussion examines the benefits of raising the minimum wage not only for those workers who would gain monetarily but to employers as well and ultimately, the economy as a whole. Currently, the minimum wage stands at $7.25 which was increased from $5.85 per hour in July of 2009. This modest increase put minimum wage earners near the poverty line, about $16,000 for a family of three (Poverty Guidelines, 2006). The minimum wage had not been raised for seven years previous, the longest time span since the law first went into effect in 1938. This decline in the real value of the minimum wage over that seven years translated into lower real wages for millions of workers and contributed to the income gap between poor working families and the middle class. Raising the minimum wage allows those who make minimum salaries to keep up with inflation. It also helps those that need it the most such as single mothers and minorities. In addition, it will cause a ‘ripple effect’ in that wages will also increase for those that make just above the minimum. In 1968, a full-time employee who earned the minimum wage made what would be â€Å"the equivalent of $15,431 today, 44 percent more than today’s full-time minimum wage worker† (Lee, 1999, p. 1016). ... decreased by 20 percent since September 1997.   â€Å"The minimum wage still equals only 31 percent of the average wage for private sector, non-supervisory workers†¦ the lowest share since at least the end of World War II† (Bernstein & Shapiro, 2006). Some of those who oppose the increase have suggested that the dominant wage earner of families does not fall into the minimum wage category, that it normally applies to teenage summer workers. This assertion is not at all the case. The Economic Report of the President evaluated the evidence in 1999 and found that that this argument was indeed untrue stating in its report, â€Å"most minimum wage workers are adults from lower income families, and their wages are a major source of their families’ earnings† (Council of Economic Advisors, 1999, p. 111). Opponents also argue that raising the minimum wage will hurt the economy but, unlike the effects tax-cuts for the wealthiest Americans have on the economy, when t he poorest in society have extra income; they spend it on the necessities of life thus directly stimulating the local economy. Employers generally oppose increasing the minimum wage. Their claim is that they would be forced to lay-off employees to cover the extra costs. This claim, however, has been proven to be unfounded. On the front-end, employers may indeed pay more to their employees after a wage increase but, as evidence indicates, the increased costs to employers are usually compensated for by benefits. For example, employees who make a wage that allows their families to subsist, rather than not, are less likely to secure other employment which reduces the employer’s employee turnover rate thus reducing additional training and recruitment costs. It also results in a decrease in absenteeism as well as higher

Capitalizing on the New Mature Workforce Assignment

Capitalizing on the New Mature Workforce - Assignment Example This article focuses on such strategies which include forecasting the workforce aging trends, improving the ability to recruit a mature workforce, provision of flexible retirement programs with suitable benefits and providing a congenial work culture for the older workforce. Only such a reworked workforce strategy will help the progress of any organization in the coming years. The youngest working class of the present generation falls under the age group of 40 years while the oldest are in their early 60’s. Studies also reveal that the 18-34 age group population is expected to grow only by 3% over the next decade. The population which is expected to show substantial growth will be those aged 55 years or above which would result in a shortage of several millions of workers. The human resource department in many organizations is already feeling the pinch as hiring the right candidates for a job has become increasingly difficult. But this study analysis that despite the difficulties faced by the organization in hiring the right talent they continue to follow hiring strategies that target the younger generation of workers which is becoming increasingly scarce. Additionally, when the mature workforce leaves the company after their service they carry along with them all their valuable contacts and expertise which the younger working class will definitely lack. Hence recruiting and retaining the mature workforce would be a more viable option in the given conditions. Thus the present study makes an analysis of suitable policy changes which are required to be undertaken by companies to utilize the potential of the mature workforce as long as they are physically and mentally active.

Mongol People Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Mongol People - Essay Example The culture of the Mongol allows them to marry off their daughters to other clans and the parents were the ones to arrange for the marriage. The parents always ask for gifts before the wedding and during the wedding, the Buddhist seek heavenly protection by reading the scripture (Newworldencyclopedia.org). The Mongolians are also singing communities who like to sing echoing songs. The Mongol people also practice dancing. The saber, Ordos and Andai dances are famous around the world.The Mongol people are governed by their imperial court of dynasty. The rulers inflict punishment on the wrong doers. The punishment was through possession of the herds of the wrong doer and the repossession of the lands they own.The Mongol people are also good at writing and translation skills. Most of the grammar books, dictionaries and translated history books about Mongolia were done by the Mongol people themselves (Newworldencyclopedia.org).ReligionMongolians main religion is Lamaism, the yellow sect o f the Buddhism. Shamanism was the earlier main religion, but recently Lamaism is considered their main religion because it pushed the male Mongols to be monks than the warriors in earlier periods. During the period of conversion to Lamaism, every family is supposed to provide one son to be raised to be a lama.Medicine and health careMongols have been using acupuncture, massages, and herbal medicine to treat most of the diseases among their people. Kublai Khan was born in the year 1912 in Mongolia in the country of china.

Conceptual Blending Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Conceptual Blending - Assignment Example This paper will base its focus on identifying the first concept that will be appropriate for the process from a selected reference point. Secondly, it will give the other concept whose fusion with the first will bring out the third and final concept. The second concept will also be from a selected source on a reference manual. The last part of this paper will highlight the concept blending process bringing out the new applicable concept. It will include illustrations to try to bring out the aspects required in a more clear and visual way. In essence, all institutions or organizations are organized systems. This means that the departments within it are interrelated and rely on each other for the overall well functioning of the institution. In addition, there are two systems popularly visible in an organizational structure. First, there is the open system whose main influence is the outside surroundings and is the most reckoned system. People within this form of system tend to be accepting to outside forces therefore not limiting their level of interaction with the outside surrounding. Secondly, there is the closed system whose focus is on those within the organizations borders. These systems have reserved nature with limited outside communication to its environs there fore making it less privileged to what its surroundings have to offer. In this regard, the ideal first concept for this paper would be the open system that is easier to work with. An illustration at this point would be useful to paint the picture that th is point puts across. In identifying the second concept, immediacy would be the ideal choice for this. Immediacy is the level of percept of physical attachment between individuals working in an organization. This would involve the office sitting arrangement, eye contact ability of the employees while at their workstations and also the general

An outline marketing plan for the next year for Atlantic Quench 306 Essay - 1

An outline marketing plan for the next year for Atlantic Quench 306 - Essay Example The marketing plan for the concerned firm focuses on developing a new product for entering the mass consumer market and providing the consumers a cheaper alternative against highly priced pure juices. With an aim to sell 250000 units of 250 ml tetra packs of the new product, Atlantic Quench will begin by streamlining the functional aspects of the company to reduce their cost. The product introduction is developed with differentiation focus and the control of the marketing activities will focus on cost leadership. Based on this, the price skimming has been selected as the pricing strategy. The budget developed also reflects the estimated earnings and expenses for the new product segment of Atlantic Quench in the next year. With appropriate market presence and brand development activities for creating consumer awareness, Atlantic Quench can enter the global market of juice and nectar segment. Atlantic Quench operates in the fruit industry mainly in its home market i.e. US and is a co-operative business process. Established in the year 1934, the co-operative has become one of the most famous brands in agricultural product market with their extensive and highly demanded product base (Case study). Jointly owned by 630 cranberry and 46 grape fruit farmers, the production channel of the company is also steady and growing. As the co-operative saw the demand of their products growing in the market, they entered the retail sector with bottled fruit juices. However, the primary concern of the business is related to control its growth in an organized manner and also ensure a good relationship with the farmers. In order to overcome the financial crunch, Atlantic Quench CEO Chuck Berry decided to develop the brand of the company by converting into a full-fledged business houses. Atlantic Quench is also developing alliances with big multinationals such as soft drinks giant Coca-Cola

Use SOSTAC to prepare a strategy document on how Gold Reef City Assignment - 1

Use SOSTAC to prepare a strategy document on how Gold Reef City (casino) could take the Rewards Programme from a functional experience to an emotional experience - Assignment Example A lot of time and resources go into running a business. Casinos, in particular, are a very tricky business to venture into because they require constant scrutiny, and if the owners are not cautious enough, the business may go bankrupt. Individuals frequent casinos to enjoy themselves while at the same time trying to make some money. Gambling is the primary activity that occurs within casinos and has brought both good and bad fortunes to the people who frequent casinos. Numerous numbers of people have lost billions of dollars in these casinos while quite a number of people have gained wealth from casinos. Some unscrupulous dealers operate some casinos and fleece their customers of their hard-earned money. It is, therefore, important that the authorities investigate these casinos for malpractice and fraud. The Gold Reef City Casino has to conduct a situation analysis before it can commence its operations. A situation analysis is a collection of methods that the organizations management uses to analyze its influences to better understand the organization`s capabilities, business environment and customers. A situation analysis consists of two areas namely micro and macroeconomics. Microeconomics refers to the study of business and individual decisions while macroeconomics refers to the study of higher decision makers, for example, the government. Macroeconomics looks at the external forces and factors that affect the business. The Gold Reef City casino has also conducted a situation analysis, and the recommendations were divided into two categories Micro and macroeconomics. The microeconomics include the new developments and upgrades that are well underway and the soon to be completed. The casino has invested in a new gaming area that is expected to bring in more customers and consequently more revenue. The incorporation of a new gaming system, which has

How Obtaining My Degree Essay Example for Free

How Obtaining My Degree Essay Deciding to go continue my education and further learning is one of the best decisions I’ve made only because it’s what will benefit my future living, financially and mentally as well. We all have an idea of what we want in life, but we end up doing the opposite and resulting in being miserable. A person like me, a black man, is pretty lucky to have come this far 39 years without going to prison. With a degree, I would be more knowledgeable and socially accepted. I haven’t always chosen the right friends. Luckily, I haven’t been in any trouble. Although college is a privilege but I see it more as a necessity in life in order to expand my horizons and life’s possibilities. Attending school will teach me useful tips I’ll use for the rest of my life, whether its time management, not procrastinating with anything and pushing myself to the highest possible limit. Earning a degree will change my life, and my child’s life in many ways. A degree would help us in this economic downturn. I have been working as a hairdresser for over 10 years now, and while it pays the bills, there is no room to go on vacation. There are no emergency funds set aside. Our economy may be getting better; however I do not believe I can get a head. I will continue skating by, or worse, an emergency may happen and I will not have the funds to cover it. A degree would give me pride in myself. I’ve always wanted to go to college, however I could never find the right time. A degree would help me accomplish a better life for myself, and my daughter. It will also set a huge example for my child. You never want your children to experience your downfalls. People want the best for their children. I believe my daughter will be more inclined to go to college if I were to graduate and earn my degree. She has seen the jobs I’ve had in the past, the trials, tribulations, financial hardships, stress, the many times we’ve had to move, and she can compare it to how stable we can live once I’ve earned a successful living because of Higher Education. I would like to study Business Administration with an emphasis on human resources management I love the training aspects and seeing people up to win at there job with proper training and instruction My profession in business would make my daughter and immediate family so proud of me. Not one person in my immediate family went to college. I would love to make new history, and set a new trend within my family. At the end of the day college is not something to not take seriously; it requires dedication, patience, social skills, etc. College is something provided for adults of all ages that offer the opportunity to become a more advanced educated citizen. It’s something with great value and credibility in the real world when it comes to seeking for a salary paid job, with any college experience comes an automatic gain especially if completed and exited with a degree. At the end of the day college is not for everyone to attend is what I have always been told, but I now know that it is for me!

Discovering america Essay Example for Free

Discovering america Essay Columbus’ discoveries forced the world to change. Bythe end of the thirty year war, European nations were beginning to impose themselves upon the rest of the inhabited world with tremendous repercussions. And a while few people except experts and some government officials knew of the sources and reasons for the changes, nevertheless from 1942 onwards, the influences of the New World were irrevocably present in world history. â€Å" We cannot reckon how great the damage is, since the merchants are taking every day our native, sons of the land and vassals and our relatives, because the thieves and man of bad conscience grab them wishing to have the things and wares of this kingdom which they are ambitious of. † As stated in document 5, this was a negative effect because their land is being taken and they are losing everything that they own. â€Å"Heretics(protestants) are never said to have converted either pagans or Jews to the faith. † In document 6, they are saying that there has never really been any heretics that they have come across, they have had mostly Catholics. Hardly a handful have converted to being Heretics. â€Å"Before the voyages to Peru, one could keep much wealth in a little place , but now that gold and silver have been cheapened by abundance , great chests are required to transport what before could be carried wrapped in a piece of drugget . † In document 11, it is saying that the people could pretty much keep whatever .

Railroad Westward Expansion from 1860 to 1890

Railroad Westward Expansion from 1860 to 1890 The history of America is grounded in the concepts of immigration, expansion, and economic empowerment. European settlers along the East Coast developed a new doctrine called the manifest destiny that would guide their path. This ideology posited that the United States was destined to expand across the continent, displacing the indigenous communities. The project to join the East and West Coast was pursued on different fronts. Development of the railroad network spearheaded the process as it opened up new lands, connected major cities, and also enabled agricultural and economic growth (Borneman 14). The railroad not only served as a means of transport but also marked the route for the dissemination of inventions, culture, and knowledge gained over the years. Although the railroad is mainly recognized for enabling agriculture, transport, and industrialization, it also played a significant role in facilitating administration. The settlers often faced violent resistance from the natives (Wolmar 18). In fact, several Red Indian communities openly attacked and even sabotaged settler activities to scatter the expansion. Thus, there was a need to set down rules of engagement (Wilhelm 40). The railroad played its role by opening up transportation into the interior allowing for the colonizers to establish administrative frameworks. Mapping out the rail routes also required collaboration with the native tribes. Therefore, settlers negotiated and signed treaties with native chiefs in their respective territories. For instance, the native tribes of Osage, Cheyenne, Arapaho, and Pawnee occupied the plains of Kansas, Colorado, and Nebraska. The government negotiated a battery of treaties largely dealing with the transfer of land either of settlement o r rail tracks. Famous ones include the Sturges Osage (1868) and Drum Creek Treaties among others (Wilhelm 46). After signing the agreements, administrative posts would be established mainly along the railroads. With time, the posts turned into settlements and small towns. These small rural towns served by the railroad attracted increasingly larger populations that transformed them into cultural hotspots and centers of learning (Hagger 29). Around the 1870s, Cincinnati and St. Louis had attracted a significant population including workers and farmers (PBS Map). Individuals from different cultural backgrounds mingled and interacted to form a unique culture. Various types of food, music, folklore, literature, language, dressing, farming, buildings, and relationships all combined to create the American identity. By 1890, over ten cities with populations of over 100, 000 people had emerged on the westward expansion route along the railway tracks (PBS Map). Cities also served by waterways experienced more rapid growth economically and population-wise (Borneman 191). With time, these cities and rail transport became core elements of the American identity. The westward expansion also tallied with increased agricultural and industrial inventions. Some of the key discoveries in the century included the reaper (invented 1831), the combine harvester (1834), and the steel plow (1837). These implements were essential to agriculture and allowed the expansion of the railroad to spread and disseminate the technology. For instance, the McCormicks reaper was bulky and required to be transported from Virginia where it was manually assembled into the farmlands located further westward in the states of Kentucky, Missouri, Kansas, Nebraska, and Ohio (Borneman 119). Railroads offered the best method to transport them. Increased agricultural output resulting from the enhanced technology further increased transportation needs. Laying rail tracks was considerably cheaper than digging out roads and or water canals (Wolmar 14). As such, inventions and railroads had a mutual relationship in that the new creations distributed by the railroad further increase d demand for transportation. Furthermore, increased agricultural production spurred invention of more efficient industrial processes to serve the growing masses. This necessitated the railroad to connect not only major farming areas that supplied raw materials but also industrial cities. Many industries in the food processing sector would emerge driven by inventions in that direction. The mass production of steel, glass and other products stimulated other industries. For instance, availability of steel allowed for new approaches in architectural designs, more so, in multi-story buildings. Buildings such as the Trinity Church in Boston and the Philadelphia City Hall were designed and constructed in the 1870s. The railroads allowed for convenient transportations of construction materials such as steel and bricks. Consequently, inventions in the architectural industry and building and construction would follow the rail tracks westward. Although New York introduced the skyscrapers, the invention would be mastered in Chicago in the 1880s and 90s led by pioneer architects such as William L. Jenney (1832-1907) and Daniel H. Burnham (1846-1912) at the Chicago College of Architecture and the Arts (Hagger 101). As the rail extended further westward, so did the skyscraper design. By 1890s, other cities such as St Louis and San Francisco had their skyscrapers as the railroad connected the East and West Coasts. To summarize, one can say that the railroad has played an integral part in the growth of America. Specifically, between 1869 and 1890, it hastened the westward expansion that allowed the creation of more settlements in the Midwestern plains all through to the West Coast. The rail route also served a significant role in designating administrative posts and even urban settlements that later evolved into the major cities. The majority of the factors that make America what it is today including technology, democracy, and a vibrant culture can all be linked to the railroad network created by the westward expansion policy. Word count: 870 Works Cited Borneman, Walter, Iron Horses: Americas Race to Bring the Railroads West. New  York: Little Borneman. 2014. Print. Retrieved from https://books.google.com/books?id=R0oeAwAAQBAJlpg=PP1dq=Americas%20Race%20to%20Bring%20the%20Railroads%20Westpg=PT20#v=onepageqf=false Hagger, Nicholas, The Secret American Dream: The Creation of a New World Order with the  Power to Abolish War, Poverty, and Disease. New York: Duncan Baird. 2013. Print.  PBS Map, Westward Expansion 1860-1890. WGBH Educational Foundation. 2010.  https://www.pbslearningmedia.org/asset/akh10_int_expansion/. Accessed.  23 Feb. 2017. Wilhelm, Robert, The Bloody Century: True Tales of Murder in 19th Century America. Night  Stick Press. 2014. Print. Wolmar, Christian, The Great Railroad Revolution: The History of Trains in America. New  York: Public Affairs. 2013. Print.

Use of Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory to Evaluate Post Tra

Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) frequently headlines newspapers and newscasts across America. Veterans fighting in Iraq and Afghanistan return to a life they left but inside they are tormented with flashbacks, nightmares, anxiety, anger, and depression. Many people suffer from PTSD after experiencing traumatic events in his or her life. Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI-2) is chosen for the basis of this assignment to evaluate someone who exhibits symptoms of PTSD. Sometimes the symptoms of PTSD are exaggerated or faked. The basic characteristics and the purpose of this tool will be discussed as well as how the tool is used. An analysis of the MMPI-2 will reveal the relationship between MMPI-2 and a major theory of personality. After identifying the psychometric properties for PTSD populations, the question of the adequacy of MMPI-2 will be answered by reviewing literature. Last ethical considerations will be analyzed. Selection of instrument, characteristics, uses and purposes PTSD is a type of anxiety disorder resulting from experiencing a traumatic event in life. The person will relive or re-experience the event through flashbacks, nightmares and fear-evoking memories. Some report being hyperaware or constantly aroused, expecting the event to happen again. Soldiers comment on falling to the ground at a loud bang, constantly surveying the area around them, having an exaggerated startle response. Many do not talk about his or her experience; have sleep problems, anger issues, and trouble concentrating. Abuse of alcohol and drugs is common to try to deal with the anguish inside (PTSD Support Services, 2010). The MMPI-2 consists of 567 true and false questions taking 60 to 90 minutes to complete. A shor... ...ive for posttraumatic stress disorder and mild traumatic brain injury. Psychological Assessment, 23(1), 203-214. doi:10.1037/a0021339 Garcia, H. A., Kelley, L. P., Rentz, T. O., & Lee, S. (2011). Pretreatment predictors of dropout from cognitive behavioral therapy for PTSD in Iraq and Afghanistan war veterans. Psychological Services, 8(1), 1-11. doi:10.1037/a0022705 Efendov, A. A., Sellbom, M., & Bagby, R. (2008). The utility and comparative incremental validity of the MMPI-2 and Trauma symptom Inventory validity scales in the detection of feigned PTSD. Psychological Assessment, 20(4), 317-326. doi:10.1037/a0013870 Tolin, D. F., Steenkamp, M. M., Marx, B. P., & Litz, B. T. (2010). Detecting symptom exaggeration in combat veterans using the MMPI–2 symptom validity scales: A mixed group validation. Psychological Assessment, 22(4), 729-736. doi:10.1037/a0020973

Free Essays - The Catcher In The Rye :: Catcher Rye Essays

Catcher In The Rye      Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The Catcher in the Rye, starts off with the main character, Holden Caulfield being expelled from school once again.   Holden is a sixteen year old boy who has been expelled on numerous occasions from other schools.   This time he is being expelled from Pency Prep.   Before Holden goes home to his parents, he plans to spend a few days in New York.   His parents do not know of the expulsion, so he spends the weekend in a hotel.   Holden is a pretty strange kid who can always find a way to get himself into trouble.   Holden constantly talks about how he hates phony people and phony words.   He complains of how the head master Thurman of Pency Prep is a phony person.   Holden says he is the kind of guy who will treat you bad, but will act polite and nice to your parents when they visit.   Holden basically decides that almost everyone he meets in his life is a phony.   He even gets disgusted with the advertisement for Pency Prep.   The picture of the horse jumping over a fence is a false image in his opinion.   He says that he has never even seen a horse on the campus.   Holden is also very curious.   Of all things, he wonders where the ducks go when the pond freezes over in the park.   He loves his red hunting cap that he bought for a dollar. The cap serves as his way to be an individual.   Stradtler is his roommate and they are fairly good friends.   Stradtler is two years older than him so he is always going out on dates and has to listen to Holden question him.   One time Stradtler goes out with one of Holden$BCT(J long time friends, Jane Gallagher, and he has to listen to an earful from Holden.   Ackley is Holden$BCT(J neighbor and they are all right friends.   Ackley is the kind of guy though who can get on anybody$BCT(J nerves in a heart beat.   Ackley and Stradtler despise of each other and rarely talk.   Ackley is very nosy and Holden does not understand why he puts up with Ackley$BCT(J nonsense.   Holden has a dead brother Allie, an older brother D.B., who is a writer, and a younger sister

Poem Comparison of Mr bleaney by Philip Larkin and In Memory of My Gran

Poem Comparison of Mr bleaney by Philip Larkin and In Memory of My Grandfather by Edward Storey The two poems that will be conveyed and compared will be 'Mr Bleaney' (by Philip Larkin) & 'In Memory of My Grandfather' (by Edward Storey). Both verses describe the character of the poem. The character in the poem on the Grandfather has admiration, but Mr Bleaney is disturbed. In this essay I will compare the character, poets feelings and attitude to each man. Furthermore, the similarities and differences in structure, language and image between the two poems will be compared and lastly my preference and emotional responses. To begin with what each poem is about. Mr Bleaney is a descriptive and narrative verse. There are two voices the landlady's and the poets, Mr Bleaney is given in the view of the depressed lyricist. Mr Bleaney is given the life of the writer through his lonely years. It is about a man named Mr Bleaney who lives through a lacklustre yet ordinary life, but the place he lives in is shown through a kitsch light. On the other hand the Grandfather is compared to a tree and the whole poem has the description of his appearance through the grandson's observation. Now I shall move on to the characters. Mr Bleaney has a sad life because he lives in a place called 'The Bodies.' The word body is used when someone is departed. So this means who ever lives in this house is nobody. They are metaphorically deceased. The poet describes Mr Bleaney using environments and surroundings. He suggests Mr Bleaney is not intellectual, 'sixty watt bulb' very dim, has a restricted life. Additionally he has no possessions of his own, 'behind ... ...uthor achieved his expectations of the character by evaluating him with a tree, 'his voice rough as the bark of his cracked hands.' So both artists have achieved their prospect to an extent. The reactions and images that I received from this poem vary from the writer. My preference is that I had learnt a lesson from the Mr Bleaney's poem is 'we treat ourselves the way we tell other people to treat us.' The grandfather poem did not give me many lessons except that he is the most respected character in the lyric and the whole sonnet is personified, with the tree. Additionally I blemished many disparity and distinction between the poems. There weren't numerous resemblances though. In conclusion the Mr Bleaney has told me he was a lonely and a middle class man, but the grandfather was a free sprit and lived life his way.

Les Miserables

Page One The theme of this book is the importance of love and compassion, and social injustice. Three genres that affect the theme in Les Miserables are: Historical Research, Literary Analysis and Creative Element. The historical research gave you knowledge of the author, and what was going on when Victor Hugo was writing this book. The literary analysis allowed you to get content from the book and provided examples of the theme. The creative element allowed you to present it as how you pictured it. While doing the historical research I found out about Victor Hugo’s love life.It revealed that he had had an affair with a girl named Juliette while being married to Adele. He chooses to spend his life with Juliette instead Adele. In Victor’s life he was involved in politics and he had shared his views by being mayor in the book. The literary analysis provided examples from the book to show that the book had romanticism through tragedy. In the book Eponine dies for Marius by blocking the bullet that was headed towards him because she loved him. Jean Valjean dies because Cosette is taken away from him, because she has found another male figure in her life.The creative element had me put the facts I learned from the historical analysis of the author and the examples from the book from the literary analysis and put it in my own view. The genre that interested me the most was the Historical research because I found out about Hugo’s life that had me understand his views on topics. The most challenging genre was literary analysis because I had to provide 4 pages of evidence. Historical Research Paper Victor Hugo is a famous worldwide literary, that gained his fame through two of his major works The Hunchback of Notre Dame and Les Miserables.Victor was born in Besancon in 1802. Since he was young he had a calling for literary. At age 13 he had won numerous awards for his poems. During the 1820’s he was claimed as one of the leading figures of th e French Romantic movement. Later his rank was greater due to his play â€Å"Hernani†. During the 1830’s Hugo focused in theatre. In this time he was having problems with his wife, Adele, so he began a relationship with an actress in one of his plays, Juliette Drouet. This relationship lasted fifty years. In 1841 he turned his focus on public and political issues, by becoming a Peer of France.Hugo started out as a monarchist, troubled about order being maintained. At first, Hugo welcomed and supported Louis Bonaparte. He later realized that his moral and political goals were not the same as his political associates. In 1851, after trying in vain to oppose the coup d’etat of the 2nd December, he and Juliette escaped the country to avoid arrest, and fled to Brussels. In his time there he published the mainstream of the works he is known for: Les Miserables, La Legende des siecles, William Shakespeare, L’Homme qui rit, and many others.One book very well know n today is Les Miserables, which shows some of Hugo’s beliefs on the social and moral issues of the time. Victor Hugo had accomplished many things in his lifetime. Starting out as studying in law to becoming known as the heart of French Romanticism for being a poet, playwright, and novelist. Literary Analysis Victor Hugo once wrote â€Å"To die is nothing; but it is terrible not to live† (p. 345). The tragic elements in Victor Hugo’s Les Miserables enhance the plot, with many deaths and tragic scenes through the book.Most of these encounters happen to be for their loved ones and others are just heroic moves. These examples come from Fantine, Eponine, Javert, Fauchelevent, Cosette, and Valjean. In the beginning of the story, the first tragic part is Fantine having to leave her daughter behind in order for her to survive. She had turned to prostitution to survive at first, and this showed the damage that nineteenth-century French society cruelly affects the less f ortunate. After Jean Valjean idea factory is set she decides to work there but they do not allow kids.She has to suffer and leave he daughter behind with strangers who to her seemed friendly and caring, to make sure Cosette has a good life. Fantine though gets very sick through malnutrition because all her money was going toward Cosette, but the shock of Jean Valjean being a criminal had killed her (p. 103). Then we find out that Cosette is being mistreated by the Thenardiers, She is treated worse that their dog, the dog is given more attention and care. The money that Fantine was sending the Thernadier is used for their own purposes. As Cosette get older, she becomes their slave and maid, doing whatever they command.It was sad seeing how badly a little innocent girl was being treated, because she did not deserve it, and couldn’t do anything about it being so young. As the treatment escalates overtime, Jean Valjean takes her away from the family and rescues her. â€Å"He exp ects you no longer† (p 165). This line has Marius in tears knowing he was to late. His father was expecting him, but he couldn’t hold on any longer and died. Marius has mix emotions at first, he started out mad because his father left him, but then he finds out that he didn’t leave him by choice.He left him because he was forced to and becomes devastated for not coming any sooner and for being angry with his father. â€Å"Did you see a musket aimed at you? † â€Å"Yes, and a hand which stopped it. † â€Å" That was mine. † (p. 288) These lines represent the amount of love Eponine had for Marius, she would even risk her life for him. When the bullet was directed towards Marius, Eponine stood in front of it. Its tragic for someone to take a bullet to save someone else life, but even worse, when the guy you risked your life for doesn’t feel the same way towards you.The only thing that she asked of him was a kiss on her forehead. There was also a point when Cosette was near death. When she and Jean were running away from Javert, she becomes so cold and weak. If it weren’t for Fauchelevant she would have died then and there. Because Jean had saved his life he felt he had to return the favor and help him hide out in convent. After sometime Fauchelevant dies of old age and leaves his position as gardener to Jean. Javert is so preoccupied with enforcing society’s law and morals that he doesn’t notice he is living by mistaken beliefs.Though when Valjean finally gives Javert proof that a man is not essentially bad because the law says he is, Javert is unable to turn Jean in. When Javert couldn’t turn in Jean, he commits suicide, because he couldn’t live with himself. Javert could not live because he felt like he would live a dishonorable man by not turning in Jean, but Jean gave him a different point of view on criminals, which change his beliefs. One of Jean biggest fears was losing Cose tte, and his fear shortly became reality. Cosette at first views herself as ugly but as she grows older her beauty starts to show, and she and others notice it as well.When Cosette stumbles across a young man named Marius, upon seeing each other they both can feel a connection. When Jean sees them looking at each other he starts to go out alone and has Cosette stay home. Then shortly he relocates them somewhere else, but their love is inseparable, and they both find each other again. When Cosette and Marius got together Jean delighted Marius, but when they get married Jean told him the truth about being an ex-convict. This had changed Marius view on Jean and he did not want his self or Cosette engaged in any activity with Jean.Jean’s fear had come true and he had lost Cosette to another man. This caused him to be very depressed with his self and unhappy in life because she was the one who taught him how to love and was the only one who had loved him and stood by his side thro ughout his life. Through this moment in time, Valjean became very depressed and lonely, that caused him to give up on life. He felt that no one cared for him anymore, but he was wrong. After Marius found out that he received all his money lawfully, he figured out that Jean was never really a bad guy, but misunderstood for the actions he had made long ago.When they go to his house they see how old he looks and sick and knew he was dead. â€Å"His white face looked up towards heaven, he let Cosette and Marius cover his hands with kisses; he was dead†. Javert, Fantine, and Eponine die, when they have finally realized that their dreams are not going to come true. Jean Valjean had died of old age and being lonely which caused him to not have the will to live. But then Cosette returns and he is happily ready to go. Though their deaths, other characters had changed their ways for the better. JEAN VALJEAN Creative Element: Journal Entry April 28, 1833- My last journal.I have had an i ncredible journey by always living on the run. Looking back at my life I could have had a normal life but I choose a different path. Although I look back and notice some stupid decisions I have made I wouldn’t have changed any of them. No one understands my life story. I started out as an innocent typical man, going to prison for stealing bread in order for my nieces and nephews to survive and have food. But then my time in prison affected me by changing my opinions on society. The criminals in prison had gotten to me and convinced me to hate society for what it has done to me.I had been committing action that I wasn’t proud of, but then I met Myriel who changed me forever, because she was the first person that loved me, so I promised her that I would become an honest man, and this was my turning point. My life was finally headed in the right direction. I managed to transform a town into a manufacturing center, which has taught me how to have compassion and generosity towards people. In my lifetime I have taken care of my own family, spent nineteen years in prison, then spent time recreating myself, then raising an incredible girl Cosette.After losing Cosette I had given up hope in living, but as soon as she came back I felt content with the adventurous life I have lived. I am a very old man and think my time is due and all I have left to say is â€Å"To die is nothing; but it is terrible not to live†. Works Cited † Victor Hugo. † 2012. Biography. com 28 Apr 2012, 03:34 http://www. biography. com/people/victor-hugo-9346557 â€Å"Victor Hugo. † Biography and Works. Search Texts, Read Online. Discuss. Web. 28 Apr. 2012. . â€Å"World Biography. † Victor Hugo Biography. Web. 28 Apr. 012. Self-Review Page This was a very time consuming project due to its length and requirements. Throughout this essay I had strengths and weaknesses. I also had to make many decision on the topics that I choose to write about, because I choose each topic for a reason. My strengths in this project were providing evidence in the literary analysis. Another strength of mine was I sympathizing and understanding Jean Valjean and being able to express that by writing a journal entry in his perspective for the creative element.Some of my weaknesses were providing enough information throughout the essay without repeating myself, and following all the instruction by tying them altogether. I have explanations to each of the topics I have chosen. I choose to write about Victor Hugo for the historical research because I believe that you need to know the background of the author to know where his points of views are coming from. As for the literary analysis I chose to write about tragedy because throughout the book there are very sad instances and some of those moments include death.

New Personality Self-Portrait Text: Why you think, work, love

Personality inventories have everlastingly been a public topic with battalion, as they hold within them the power to spread abroad to us something about our innate selves which we didnt know in front, and the possibility of helping us understand ourselves better, and in turn, making us happier people. As psychological knowledge advanced, in the United States spirit inventories became a much-appreciated composition of books, articles and researches as most of these sought to magnify the impact of individualism while downplaying the do of social and economic factors on genteelness and social behavior.Personality psychometric tests have oft been criticized temper tests and placed them on the continuum of astrology, fortune-telling and horoscopes, life history their content equally generic and simplistic in nature so that people find at least something in the tests which has a relation to their life or self, and they ignore the rest of the contents of the tests which do no n have such a relation. Another critical view is that these tests too simplify record, which inherently is a decomposable phenomenon, and that these tests often lack scientific descriptors.The pompous tests all contain a serial publication of random questions and individual scores atomic number 18 tabulated based on the polarity of responses generated by these questions. While these tests maintain that no matchless person can fit solely and wholly into one category, yet the foundation of the personality types themselves is at best, rigid and exceedingly categorical. However, John M. Oldham, a physician, psychiatrist, researcher, academic executive director and writer has developed a personality test which counters these criticisms and emerges as one of the more than reliable assessment tests out of the non-homogeneous options available.Oldhams personality test also has an document of questions and just like other tests before it, it assigns points on answers and reveals personality types based on points. But it is better than other prevalent inventories because the personality types atomic number 18 not the stodgy ones, derived from popular consensus, rather, they argon based on psychiatric medical categories of personality disorders in the American Psychiatric Associations Diagnostic and statistical Manual of Mental Disorders.Then, Oldham has identified the common, utterly military personnel, nonpatholocial versions of the extreme, disordered constellations from this manual. He has followed this approach because accord to him, personality disorders are the extremes of normal human patterns, basically, what personality comprises of. Hence, the book is based on the premise of defining the normal personality styles, the extreme versions of which translate into personality disorders.Critics of Oldhams book, which is a popularization, have said that while the test works fine, the examples Oldham has used can be distracting and misleading. The sit uations and reactions that have been attributed to these fictitious characters have the stake of not being taken badly by people as their characterisation lacks any cultural, socio-economic, environmental or good element, which is what makes characters believable. Another drawback of the test is that the validity is entirely dependent on the responses of the individual, and there are no correction scales, which are mystify in other alike(p) personality instruments.One of the strong points of this test is that the descriptors are short, yet clear in their meaning, and in all, manage to provide comprehensive coverage of all types of personalities. By giving a personality style-disorder continuum, Oldham has recognized that personalities are not just groups of character traits rather, they exist on a spectrum which ranges from normal personality styles to their transcript personality disorders.The book is a popular one, and its intended audience is laypeople and not medical pr ofessionals. It provides a simple view on personality styles and to some people, might step up to be lacking the technical sophism which more rigorously developed and standardized personality inventories might contain.

A Friend I Will Never Forget Essay

at that place are people who you call takeoff rockets ans ther are some that make you feel special analogous nobody else in the world. Well, I met somebody standardized that and there isnt anybody that I have watch over into contact with more than sweet and considerat homogeneous he is. With him the word friends has a totally different meaning. Our genuine friendship isnt spurious. It is true and genuine. When hard clock arise, he comes and lays his firm, manly hands on my shoulders and when I look into his cherubic face,it assures me that everything will be al office. I told him ny utter most deepest secrets that I never told anyone, and he gave me an oath of trust and secrecy that he wouldnt tell anyone. Weve been friends for four whole years and our friendshiip has snuff it stronger each year. Wherever he was i was right there with him like an accomplice in a murder. His diligent, stern, upfront attituse attracted me to him because friends like them didnt take unimport ance and I like that about people.Then, there was a problem. he wasnt talking as more than and his comely appearance changed into a pensive gaze. I often found him in a obscure mood and I would share my thoughts and feelings his mind was swart like a thick wall and it seemed like I was talking to myself. Then breaking the mutism I asked him what happened. His face was blank, but he and wherefore told me that he was moving to an separate(prenominal) city far away from here because his parents had gotten a job tranfer. I was motionless, acting the same way he was acting when I first truism him. I saw the tears trickle from his lonely eyes wheeling down his black cheeks like snowballs in an avalanche. This then moved me. i could feel the water burbling out of my eyes like a harass dam giving way after the glowering river breaks through. I groped for his hands and we denunciationed again, like the first vow we had mad when we first decided to be outperform friends, not to ever forget one another and to write whenever each of us could.I gave hin something that he could remember me by, and he gave me a cherm which read FRIENDS worry US. I will keep that trip up close to me because it is priceless, and not like any other gift this one is priceless. He was a friend I will never forget.Read moreMeaning of a Friend in admit is a Friend Indeed

Econ 248 Assignment 2

ECON 248 fitting 2 1. The till tell is the hobby enjoin at which the wedge of Canada stands develop to tot up militia to charter commits. The argoters desexualise tempo is the pursuance drift that the blaspheme of Canada stomachs edges on their gear ups at the camber of Canada. Changes to these place by the palisade of Canada typic bothy short-circuit to different evoke judge and thence go let issue sour the hail of n aces of loaning through by the relegateks. An dedicate dispense accomplishment is the obtain or sale of politics securities, which argon authorities of Canada treasury bills and bonds, in the promiscuous grocery store by the assert of Canada.These legal proceeding do by the depose of Canada dislodge the militia of the cusss, which harbour an this instant regard on the sum of long takeing. This encapables the tote outt of Canada to profit its nightlong identify bell ringer. administpro slewn deposit un securely is the praxis of teddy political science deposits amidst the political relations taradiddle at the desire of Canada and its covers at the diverse leased banks. These shifts of deposits affects the banks constraints, and and so their major power to exculpate long loans.Since this puppet is typically utilise on a teeny-weeny plate to debonnaire insouciant variations in the mention d experimentify of all-night loans, its intrusion on the writ of exe telescoped offion of financial insurance insurance polity is small. The needed al broken in ratio is the portion of depositors sense of equilibriums banks essential amend on transcend as cash, as unconquerable by the commutation bank. The financial polity of a mandatory reserve ratio is no semipermanent in call by the till of Canada. The swear of Canadas form _or_ system of authorities ray of lights prevail by ever- changing the criterion of currency in the sparing, by c hanging the pecuniary stem.By gentility the bank judge, the curse of Canada raft make it much sety for the banks to borrow reserves. By meridian the concern browse it pays the banks on their own deposits at the trust of Canada, it grass deliver the levelheadeds the banks to postulate to shoot big reserves. By marketplace place placeing securities in the dedicate market, the imprecate of Canada lavatory light the pecuniary base. The commit of Canada female genital organ besides light bank reserves and the financial base by shimmy roughly g overnance of Canada deposits from a hired bank to itself. These fills slack the metre of nones, opposite things stay the same. . L = (1 0. 35) X (1 0. 07) L = 0. 6 mensuration of funds stoold = $50,000,000 X 1/(1 0. 6) meter of cash seduced = $50,000,000 X 2. 5 measurement of currency fabricated = $125,000,000 3. a) The multiplier factor factor is the amount by which a diverseness in all fra gment of sovereign disbursal is magnify or work out to make up the switch over that it gene says in proportionality using up and in truth gross national product. investing physical exertions development accumulate wasting disease and accepted gross municipalated product. The amplify in legitimate gross domesticated help product join ons disposable income, which cast ups use of tidys and servings using up.The depart order expending use adds sluicetide much to immix disbursal. sure gross domestic product and disposable income ontogenesis throw out, and so does utilisation intake. The sign increment in enthronisation brings an even large improver in join pulmonary tuberculosis because it induces an extend in drug addiction outlay. The multiplier conditions the magnitude of the ontogenesis in coalesce expending that results from an plus in investing or well-nigh another(prenominal)(a) chemical element of free outlay . The greater the peripheral appetite to w ar, the large is the multiplier. ) The peripheral list to outcome and the b ar(a) revenue valuate unneurotic with the borderline craving to consume determine the multiplier. Their substantiate order determines the incline of the union expenditure influence. Since multiplier = 1 / (1 angle of AE curvature) and the marginal evaluate send determines the finis to which income tax payments spay when substantive gross domestic product transmits, the coat of the multiplier leave alone reconcile down depending on the tip to which the marginal tax outrank reduces the angle of the AE curve. ) The tilt of the AE curve exists 0. 75 multiplier factor = mixture in squargon gross domestic product/ miscellanea in enthronization funds = 1/(1-MPC) multiplier factor = 1/(1-0. 75) = 1/0. 25 = 4 The rewrite slant of the AE curve equals 0. 45 multiplier factor = stir in accepted gross domestic product/change in enthronization = 1/(1-Slope of AE curve) multiplier factor = 1/(1-0. 45) = 1/0. 55 = 1. 818181812 4. a) disposed that the augment in un meshment core a take up in current gross domestic product, and that consumer disbursal and enthronement disbursement reductions bastardly a flag in combine lead, the frugality is in street corner.This is cod to a fall in conglobation gather up, and the fall in investing whitethorn transmit to nobleer(prenominal) be of drudgery in the future. b) In a recession, the pattern of stack experiencing frugal ruin pluss, so induce interchange payments such(prenominal)(prenominal) as un troth benefits and social wellbeing benefits increase. induce taxes and bring on steer payments decline the multiplier substance of a change in autonomous expenditure such as investments, and go for recessions qualification original gross domestic product to a greater extent stable. arbitrary pecuniary form _or_ system of government would be use in an sweat to substituteore teeming date.The establishment efficacy increase its expenditure on goods and utilitys, cut taxes, or do or so of both, increase core need. An increase in authorities expenditure or a cut in taxes increases integrality expenditure as well. c) In a recession, the camber of Canada bequeath carry on an steer-blank market bargain for to visit the engagement dictate. The measuring rod of investment forget increase, and other lodge in- subtile expenditure items pass on alike increase. With an increase in meld expenditure, the multiplier increases union demand, delivery existent GDP to equal authorisation GDP, and a recession result be eliminated. . Keynesianism is much often than non outlined as the scotchal sensible horizon that, left-hand(a) wing to itself, the parsimoniousness whitethorn not generousy employ the resources available, and that expansionary political save may be undeniable to earn ful l demarcation and get down. Monetarists, in contrast, theorise in general that the comeer economic task of government is to cast the bullion tote up, and in contingent exercise set limits to it, and that movement of passable trains of body of work and branch domiciliate be left to the market. Historically, Keynesians avoured fiscal indemnity and monetarists privilegeed pecuniary policy as the in like mannerl for change totality demand. Today, the sort out among the both schools on this impression has just about vanished. Monetarists sp atomic number 18 a order fruit locate for the standard of money, and retrieve that not belongings money egression on mug risks outbursts of splashiness. Keynesians party favour a take aim for the liaison mark, and smell that come demand put forward be controlled much accurately by preventing the chase rate from move too wildly, which it exponent do with set targeting of the criterion of money and its development rate.When veridical GDP locomote on a trim down floor potential GDP, Keynesians touch sensation that taking active run to throw off the economy by baseball swing the reside rate and change magnitude government expenditures is the nearly trenchant avenue to take. Monetarists feel the scoop that stabilization policy arouse do to fall upon a high level and scramth rate of material GDP is to keep ostentatiousness in check. Monetarists favour an rising equipment casualtys target at a mortified pomposity rate. When the inflation rate rises, monetarists compliments fleet action to inert it regard pocketable of the nation of true(a) GDP. 6. a) rail stylus yard stacks of breadfruit tree tree / euchre scads of angle = 2The fortune exist of 1 building block of look for in Kiribati is 2 units of breadfruit. b) 750 heaps of breadfruit / 1875 heaps of lean = 0. 4 The chance embody of 1 unit of angle in Tuvalu is 0. 4 units of breadfrui t. c) Tuvalu has a relative expediency because it is able to drive slant at a disgrace prospect salute than depose Kiribati. d) Kiribati go forth consequence count onk from Tuvalu because Tuvalu has the proportional reward in the fruit of fish. 7. The leash master(prenominal) line of credits for certificate and constrictive planetary muckle are i. the employment lineage ii. the child- persistence instruction iii. the dispose agate lineThe employment railway line is that if a sphere imports squalid immaterial goods, topical anaesthetic workers ache their jobs and bring about a run on the welfare system, spending less(prenominal), and causing a flux achievement of further job loss. The proposed settlement is to ban imports of nickel-and-dime(prenominal) exotic goods and to nurture topical anaesthetic jobs, exclusively that proposal is flawed. redundant trade does apostrophize about jobs, unless it overly creates jobs. It brings about ball-shaped sharp-wittedisation of churn and allocates resources to their highest determine activities. local anesthetic jobs are woolly, exclusively jobs are created in the exotic countries that like a shot produce those goods.The local workers who lost their jobs now prevail remedy compensable jobs because exporting industries book grow and created much jobs than carry been destroyed. other point is that imports create jobs. They create jobs for retailers that take import goods and for truehearteds that service those goods. They to a fault create jobs by creating incomes in the rest of the origination, some of which are pass on imports of topically make goods and operate. The infant- pains stock for egis is that it is necessary to cherish a crude intentness to modify it to grow into a ripen intentness that cease debate in world markets.The course is establish on the psyche of energetic proportional return, which butt joint cut from learning -by-doing. Learning-by-doing is a all-powerful engine of productiveness growth, and proportional favor evolves and changes because of on the job experience. These facts, however, do not condone protection. The infant-industry lean is solo valid if the benefits of learning-by-doing descend not yet to the owners and workers of the loadeds in the infant industry except excessively slough over to other industries and split of the economy. cast out occurs when a contradictory blotto sells its exports at a let down outlay than the harm at which the product is commonly change in the unlike firms domestic market. A firm that wants to gain globular monopoly dexterity use throw away, marketing its product in the domestic market at a expense that is low large to drive domestic firms out of business. When the domestic firms are gone, the alien firm takes advantage of its monopoly and picks a high worth for its products. This confide is the typical acknowledgm ent precondition for anti- chuck out tariffs. in that location are reasons for resisting the dumping argument for protection.First, it is near un commemorateable to keep an eye on dumping. The test for dumping is a shadowy one because it apprise be rational for a firm to charge a lower footing in markets in which the quantity demanded is exceedingly sensitive to price and a high price in a market in which demand is less price-sensitive. Second, it is sound to think of a good that is produced by a innate world(prenominal) monopoly. steady if all the domestic firms in some industry were obdurate out of business, it would ever be presumable to lift legion(predicate) utility(a) opposed sources of supply and to corrupt at prices determined in warring markets.Third, if a good or service were a genuinely world(prenominal) cancel monopoly, the take up way to deal with it would be by economy. much(prenominal) regulation would collect international cooperation. 8. a) Exports to the US would return collect to lower demand because it would court US importers more to subvert Canadian goods. b) Canadian importers would see a reduce in hail when trade machinery and equipment from US suppliers. c) stigma border shoppers would pay less for goods they corrupt in the US. ) If the retired Canadians get under ones skin US vaulting horse bill bank tales, the fluctuation of the Canadian dollar would likely ware little essence on them. However, if they baffle Canadian dollar bank reports or have Canadian currency, they can buy more with those Canadian dollars. 9. period narration Exports of goods and services+411 Imports of goods and services-378 moolah transfers+3 remuneration interest payments-34 menstruation cipher balance+2 seat of government account unconnected investment into Canada+22 Canadian investment abroad-35 statistical divergency+10 not bad(p) account balance-3 authoritative settlements account authorized se ttlements account balance-1